What are templates in C++?

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• What Are Templates in C++?
  • Types of Templates
• How Templates Work
• Practical Examples
  • Example 1: Swap Function Template
  • Example 2: Stack Class Template
• Conclusion

Introduction

Templates in C++ are a powerful feature that allows for generic programming. They enable the creation of functions and classes that can operate with any data type, making code more flexible and reusable. Templates are a cornerstone of modern C++ programming, providing a way to write type-independent code and reduce code duplication. This guide explains what templates are, how they work, and provides practical examples of their use.

What Are Templates in C++?

Templates allow you to write code that works with different data types without having to rewrite the code for each type. Templates are essentially blueprints for creating functions or classes that can operate with any data type specified at compile time.

Types of Templates

1. Function Templates

   Function templates allow you to define a function that can work with any data type. The function's type is determined when the function is called with specific types.

   Example:

2. Class Templates

   Class templates allow you to create classes that can operate with any data type. You can define member functions and data members with generic types.

   Example:

How Templates Work

1. Template Declaration: You declare a template using the template keyword followed by template parameters enclosed in angle brackets (< and >). For functions, use template <typename T> or template <class T>. For classes, use template <typename T> or template <class T>.

2. Instantiation: When you use a template with specific types, the compiler generates a separate instance of the template for each type. This process is known as template instantiation.

3. Specialization: You can provide specific implementations for certain types using template specialization. This allows you to handle specific cases differently from the general template.

   Example of Specialization:

Practical Examples

Example 1: Swap Function Template

Example 2: Stack Class Template

Conclusion

Templates in C++ are a powerful feature that enable generic programming, allowing functions and classes to operate with any data type specified at compile time. By using templates, you can write more flexible and reusable code, reducing duplication and enhancing code maintainability. Understanding how to use and specialize templates effectively is crucial for modern C++ programming.